Childhood pneumonia in developing countries
نویسندگان
چکیده
Introduction Pneumonia is a leading cause of death among children worldwide; however, in developing countries the greatest burden of the disease is among the under-5s. This review article details the aetiology, clinical features, investigations, diagnosis, complications, treatment, and other forms of management of pneumonia. The prevention of pneumonia is discussed and the future prospects for prevention using vaccines is highlighted. The impact of ensuring that the disease is recognised early and adequate treatment given at the primary care level is emphasised as this can dramatically reduce the mortality and morbidity associated with pneumonia. The term pneumonia refers to a pathogen-initiated acute inflammation of the lower respiratory tract, characterised by inflammation of the lung parenchyma (i.e. the respiratory unit comprising the alveoli, alveolar ducts, and the interstitial tissues). In a recent comprehensive discourse on the subject, Stein and Marostica defined pneumonia as ‘Inflammation of the lung parenchyma due to an infectious agent(s) causing a response that results in damage to the lung tissue; subsequent resolution may be complete or partial.’1 On a general note, the pneumonia can be classified (based on the origin) as either ‘community acquired’ (when the presumed pathogen is acquired outside the health facility), or ‘healthcare associated’ when the antecedents of the disease and aetiological agent(s) can be traced to a health facility or hospital. In addition, with the recent advent of HIV/AIDs, and the frequent, but fairly distinctive epidemiologic risk factors and pathogens of pneumonia associated with the disease, a new addition to the current nosology of pneumonia has been pneumonia in the immunocompromised host. It can also be defined based on aetiology – viral, bacterial; and on an anatomical basis – lobar or bronchopneumonia.2 In developing countries (Nigeria inclusive), the operational definition of pneumonia adopted by WHO is based on the presence of (easily recognisable) clinical
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بررسی سطح سرمی روی در کودکان مبتلا به پنومونی
Background and Aim: Pneumonia is now one of the most important causes of childhood mortality in developing countries like Iran. The increased susceptibility to pneumonia, particularly in malnourished children of developing countries, is postulated to be due to reduction in cellular immunity. One of the reasons for reduced immunological competence in malnourished children may be zinc deficie...
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تاریخ انتشار 2013